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26530 UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), Full Gene Sequencing, Varies (UGTFG)

UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), Full Gene Sequencing, Varies (UGTFG)
Test Code: MISC
Synonyms/Keywords

Atazanavir, Belinostat, GNT1, Irinotecan, Irinotecan glucuronidation, Irinotecan metabolism, Nilotinib, Pazopanib, Phenol/Bilirubin, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, UDP-Glucosyltransferase 1, UGT1A1, Uracil Glucuronyl transferase, Uridine Diphosphate Glucosyltransferase 1, Crigler-Najjar Syndrome, Gilbert Syndrome, Hyperbilirubinemia ​​​

Test Components

​This is a full gene sequencing test for UGT1A1 that includes the TA repeat region of the promoter and all intron/exon boundaries. Results are interpreted for the purposes of UGT1A1 drug metabolism and hereditary hyperbilirubinemia syndromes (Gilbert syndrome and Crigler-Najjar syndrome).

Useful For

Identifying individuals who are at increased risk of adverse drug reactions with drugs that are metabolized by UGT1A1, including irinotecan, atazanavir, nilotinib, pazopanib, and belinostat

Identifying individuals who are at risk of hyperbilirubinemia

Follow-up testing for individuals with a suspected UGT1A1 variant, who had negative TA repeat region testing

Establishing a diagnosis of Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or type II

Establishing carrier status for Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or type II

Specimen Requirements
Specimen TypePreferred Container/TubeAcceptable Container/TubeSpecimen VolumeSpecimen Minimum Volume
(allows for 1 repeat)
Pediatric Minimum Volume
(no repeat)
​Whole blood
Adults:  ​EDTA (LTT)
Pediatrics:  Purple microtuge 

Adults:  3 mL
Pediatrics:  1 mL
 0.45 mL


​Saliva
​Saliva Swab Collection Kit (T786)

​​One swab​
​One swab
Collection Processing Instructions
Submit only 1 of the following specimens:

Blood Collection Instructions:

1. Invert several times to mix blood.

2. Send specimen in original tube. Do not aliquot.


​Saliva Collection Instructions:

Patient Preparation: Patient should not eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum 30 minutes prior to collection.

Collect and send specimen per kit instructions.​

Specimen Stability Information
Specimen TypeTemperatureTime

Whole blood​​


​Ambient (preferred)
​9 days

​Refrigerated
​30 days

​Saliva
​Ambient
​30 days
Rejection Criteria
All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.
Interference

Samples may contain donor DNA if obtained from patients who received heterologous blood transfusions or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Results from samples obtained under these circumstances may not accurately reflect the recipient's genotype. For individuals who have received blood transfusions, the genotype usually reverts to that of the recipient within 6 weeks. For individuals who have received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell, a pretransplant DNA specimen is recommended for testing.

UGT1A1 genetic test results in patients who have undergone liver transplantation may not accurately reflect the patient's UGT1A1 status.

Absence of a detectable gene variant does not rule out the possibility that the patient may have a genetic cause for increased unconjugated bilirubin.

Rare variants exist that could lead to false-negative or false-positive results. If results obtained do not match the clinical findings, additional testing should be considered.

Performing Laboratory Information
Performing LocationDay(s) Test PerformedReport Available
Methodology/Instrumentation

​Mayo Clinid Laboratories
​Tuesday
​7 to 14 days
​Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by DNA Sequence Analysis​
Test Information

The UGT1A1 gene is part of a gene complex located on chromosome 2 that encodes several enzymes called uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycuronosyl transferases. These enzymes perform a chemical reaction called glucuronidation, a major pathway that enhances the elimination of small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble metabolites that can be excreted from the body.

The UGT1A1 enzyme, primarily found in the liver, is responsible for the gluronidation of bilirubin, converting it from the toxic form of bilirubin (unconjugated bilirubin) to its nontoxic, water-soluble form (conjugated bilirubin). Genetic variants in UGT1A1 may cause reduced or absent UGT1A1 enzymatic activity, resulting in conditions associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia including Gilbert syndrome and Crigler-Najjar syndromes types I and II.

Gilbert syndrome is the most common hereditary cause of increased bilirubin and is characterized by total serum bilirubin levels of 1 to 6 mg/dL. Gilbert syndrome is generally considered to be an autosomal recessive disorder, although autosomal dominant inheritance has been suggested in some cases.(1) Gilbert syndrome is caused by a 25% to 50% reduction in glucuronidation activity of the UGT1A1 enzyme and is characterized by episodes of mild intermittent jaundice and the absence of liver disease.

Crigler-Najjar syndromes types I and II (CN1 and CN2) are autosomal recessive disorders caused by more severe reductions in UGT1A1 glucuronidation activity. CN1 is the most severe form, with complete absence of enzyme activity and total serum bilirubin levels of 20 to 45 mg/dL. Infants with CN1 present with jaundice shortly after birth that persists thereafter.(2) CN2 is milder than CN1, with at least partial UGT1A1 activity and total serum bilirubin ranging from 6 to 20 mg/dL. Phenobarbital, a drug that induces synthesis of a number of hepatic enzymes, is effective in decreasing serum bilirubin levels by approximately 25% in patients with CN2; CN1 does not respond to phenobarbital treatment. If left untreated, the buildup of bilirubin in a newborn can cause bilirubin-induced brain damage, known as kernicterus. In addition to phenobarbital, treatments of CN may include phototherapy, heme oxygenase inhibitors, oral calcium phosphate and carbonate, and liver transplantation.

In addition to the role of UGT1A1 in bilirubin metabolism, this enzyme also plays a role in the metabolism of several drugs. UGT1A1 is involved in the metabolism of irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor. Irinotecan is a chemotherapy drug used to treat solid tumors including colon, rectal, and lung cancers. It is a prodrug that forms an active metabolite, SN-38. SN-38 is normally inactivated by conjugation with glucuronic acid followed by biliary excretion into the gastrointestinal tract. If UGT1A1 activity is impaired or deficient, SN-38 fails to become conjugated with glucuronic acid, increasing the concentration of SN-38. This can result in severe neutropenia. The combination of neutropenia with diarrhea can be life-threatening.(3,4)

Additional drugs have also been associated with an increased risk for adverse outcomes in patients with reduced UGT1A1 enzyme activity. The FDA drug labels for nilotinib, pazopanib, and belinostat all contain warnings for an increased risk (incidence) of adverse outcomes in patients who have UGT1A1 variants associated with reduced activity. The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) released guidelines for atazanavir treatment, indicating that patients with homozygous UGT1A1 alleles associated with reduced activity or decreased expression should consider an alternate medication due to a significant risk for developing hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice).

The UGT1A1 gene maps to chromosome 2q37 and contains 5 exons. In this assay, the promoter, exons, and exon-intron boundaries are assessed for variants.(5)

Reference Range Information

An interpretive report will be provided.

Interpretation

An interpretive report will be provided that includes assessment of risk for UGT1A1-associated adverse drug reactions as well as interpretation for hyperbilirubinemia syndromes.

For additional information regarding pharmacogenomic genes and their associated drugs, see the Pharmacogenomic Associations Tables in Special Instructions. This resource includes information regarding enzyme inhibitors and inducers, as well as potential alternate drug choices.

Outreach CPTs
CPTModifier
(if needed)
QuantityDescriptionComments

​81404

Synonyms/Keywords

Atazanavir, Belinostat, GNT1, Irinotecan, Irinotecan glucuronidation, Irinotecan metabolism, Nilotinib, Pazopanib, Phenol/Bilirubin, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, UDP-Glucosyltransferase 1, UGT1A1, Uracil Glucuronyl transferase, Uridine Diphosphate Glucosyltransferase 1, Crigler-Najjar Syndrome, Gilbert Syndrome, Hyperbilirubinemia ​​​

Test Components

​This is a full gene sequencing test for UGT1A1 that includes the TA repeat region of the promoter and all intron/exon boundaries. Results are interpreted for the purposes of UGT1A1 drug metabolism and hereditary hyperbilirubinemia syndromes (Gilbert syndrome and Crigler-Najjar syndrome).

Ordering Applications
Ordering ApplicationDescription

​Cerner
​​MISC

If the ordering application you are looking for is not listed, contact your local laboratory for assistance.
Specimen Requirements
Specimen TypePreferred Container/TubeAcceptable Container/TubeSpecimen VolumeSpecimen Minimum Volume
(allows for 1 repeat)
Pediatric Minimum Volume
(no repeat)
​Whole blood
Adults:  ​EDTA (LTT)
Pediatrics:  Purple microtuge 

Adults:  3 mL
Pediatrics:  1 mL
 0.45 mL


​Saliva
​Saliva Swab Collection Kit (T786)

​​One swab​
​One swab
Collection Processing
Submit only 1 of the following specimens:

Blood Collection Instructions:

1. Invert several times to mix blood.

2. Send specimen in original tube. Do not aliquot.


​Saliva Collection Instructions:

Patient Preparation: Patient should not eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum 30 minutes prior to collection.

Collect and send specimen per kit instructions.​

Specimen Stability Information
Specimen TypeTemperatureTime

Whole blood​​


​Ambient (preferred)
​9 days

​Refrigerated
​30 days

​Saliva
​Ambient
​30 days
Rejection Criteria
All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.
Interference

Samples may contain donor DNA if obtained from patients who received heterologous blood transfusions or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Results from samples obtained under these circumstances may not accurately reflect the recipient's genotype. For individuals who have received blood transfusions, the genotype usually reverts to that of the recipient within 6 weeks. For individuals who have received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell, a pretransplant DNA specimen is recommended for testing.

UGT1A1 genetic test results in patients who have undergone liver transplantation may not accurately reflect the patient's UGT1A1 status.

Absence of a detectable gene variant does not rule out the possibility that the patient may have a genetic cause for increased unconjugated bilirubin.

Rare variants exist that could lead to false-negative or false-positive results. If results obtained do not match the clinical findings, additional testing should be considered.

Useful For

Identifying individuals who are at increased risk of adverse drug reactions with drugs that are metabolized by UGT1A1, including irinotecan, atazanavir, nilotinib, pazopanib, and belinostat

Identifying individuals who are at risk of hyperbilirubinemia

Follow-up testing for individuals with a suspected UGT1A1 variant, who had negative TA repeat region testing

Establishing a diagnosis of Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or type II

Establishing carrier status for Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or type II

Test Components

​This is a full gene sequencing test for UGT1A1 that includes the TA repeat region of the promoter and all intron/exon boundaries. Results are interpreted for the purposes of UGT1A1 drug metabolism and hereditary hyperbilirubinemia syndromes (Gilbert syndrome and Crigler-Najjar syndrome).

Reference Range Information

An interpretive report will be provided.

Interpretation

An interpretive report will be provided that includes assessment of risk for UGT1A1-associated adverse drug reactions as well as interpretation for hyperbilirubinemia syndromes.

For additional information regarding pharmacogenomic genes and their associated drugs, see the Pharmacogenomic Associations Tables in Special Instructions. This resource includes information regarding enzyme inhibitors and inducers, as well as potential alternate drug choices.

For more information visit:
Performing Laboratory Information
Performing LocationDay(s) Test PerformedReport Available
Methodology/Instrumentation

​Mayo Clinid Laboratories
​Tuesday
​7 to 14 days
​Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by DNA Sequence Analysis​
For billing questions, see Contacts
Outreach CPTs
CPTModifier
(if needed)
QuantityDescriptionComments

​81404

For most current information refer to the Marshfield Laboratory online reference manual.